Logic puzzles that don't require linguistic knowledge?

We're running a home brew Traveller campaign where my group is chasing after an ancient ghost ship. Unbeknownst to them, this ship is a kind of time capsule, a repository of advanced technology from an advanced culture made in the waning days of its empire. The crew is about to enter a vault created by the group responsible for making the ghost ship. I had the idea that the doors to the vault might be unlocked by solving a series of logic puzzles, created by the builders to prevent it being accessed by a culture incapable of learning their secrets. Since the vault was designed to last millions of years the builders would have to account for the fact that whoever discovered it would not speak their language. So any puzzles or challenges cannot be based on words and cannot rely on cultural artifacts.

I can think of some simple ones: Simon Says, Finish a sequence of numbers represented by dots, navigate a maze, stuff like that. However some more advanced puzzles would be appreciated. Any thoughts?