Need some guidance on development stacks

So I learned how react and node work but I'm having a hard time putting everything together. I thought this was enough to make a full stack application but apparently I'm wrong. I went to watch Ben Awads full stack web development tutorial and I don't know half of the technologies he's using. What is GraphQL? What is Apollo? What is Redis? What's an ORM? Where do Redux and Next JS fit into this? Can I get an explanation on how to decide what tools I need for an application? What do I actually need to spend time learning and how does it all fit together? I want a clear path to being able to create a professional web application. Sorry this is very broad but thanks for any help.